China has emerged as the most formidable long-term competitor that the United States has ever faced. The competition, unlike the previous one with the Soviet Union, extends beyond traditional geopolitics into trade and investment, technology, and civil society—realms where the two countries are already closely intertwined. Competing effectively without sacrificing the benefits of this integration and the potential to cooperate on climate, health and other global issues of common concern, or escalating into all-out hostilities, is a complex challenge that cannot be left only to the current administration; it will likely require all the wisdom and expertise that U.S. society can muster.